Bibliography
ACLU v. Reno. United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Pennsylvania 1996.
The overturning of the Communications Decency Act
of 1996 by the U.S. District Court in Pennsylvania.
American Civil Liberties Union. "ACLU v. Reno: The
Appeal." Online. Internet. 15 December 1996. Available
WWW: www.aclu.org/issues/cyber/trial/appeal.html.
This source gave general information about the appeal
for the Communication Decency Act as well as pointers
to other sites on the CDA.
---. "The Threat of State Censorship Bills." Online.
Internet. 1 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.aclu.org/issues/cyber/censor/stbills.html.
This site was the primary source for the state
legislation page. Although it was a very
well-organized site, the descriptions of the cases
were too brief.
American Family Association. Letter to Senator James
Exon. 4 April 4 1995. Online. Internet. 2
December 1996. Available WWW:
www.cdt.org/policy/freespeech/amfam_exon.ltr.html.
A letter about the American Family Association's
concerns on the Communications Decency Act of 1995.
Center for Democracy and Technology. "CDT's
Communciations Decency Act Issues Page"
Online. Internet. 2 December 1996. Available
WWW: www.cdt.org/cda.html.
A page on the Communications Decency Act with a
chronology of the Communications Decency Act and
letters written by those involved. Remarks made
by Newt Gingrich on the Communications Decency Act
were also taken from this site.
---. "CDT's Analysis of the latest Communications
Decency Act." Online. Internet. 2 December 1996.
Available WWW:
www.cdt.org/policy/freespeech/12_21.cdaanal.html.
A good study of the controversial portions of the
Communications Decency Act.
Clinton Administration. "Administration Concerns
Regarding S.652: The Telecommunication Competition
and Deregulation Act of 1995." Online.
Internet. 5 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.cdt.org/policy/legislation/admin_s652_comnts.html.
Crimmins, Barry F. Testimony before Senate Judiciary
Committee. Hearing on Child Pornography on the
Internet. 24 July 1995. Online. Internet.
Available WWW:
www.cdt.org/policy/freespeech/crimmins72495.html.
Crimmins gave testimony on why he felt online
services, such as America Online, should be held
more reponsible for the wide-spread, easily-
accessed child pornography on their systems.
Cushman, Robert F. Cases in Constitutional Law. New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1984.
This source was only used once. Although it was an
excellent book, online sources proved to be more
comprehensive and up-to-date. It did, however, point
out historic cases dealing with censorship.
Cyber Patrol. "Welcome to Cyber Patrol." Online.
Internet. 11 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.cyberpatrol.com.
This is an Internet blocker / filter commercial
page describing the software aspects and
specifications of the blocker / filter.
Dave-O. "Why isn't this page Black?" Online. Internet.
9 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.unt.edu/~dmc0001/why_not.html.
This page describes both sides of the issue of free
speech online and gives the author's opinion of why
the blue ribbon campaign is so popular.
Electronic Frontier Foundation. "Blue Ribbon Campaign
for Online Free Speech." Online. Internet.
10 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.eff.org/blueribbon.html.
This page is the home page for the blue ribbon
campaign. The blue ribbon images can be downloaded
here and the reasons for the movement can be found
here.
---. "Global Action Brief." Online. Internet. 9
December 1996. Available WWW:
www.eff.org/pub/Censorship/Foreign_and_local/Singapore/Internet_censorship_bills/960828_sg.advisory.
A small site with information about the pending
Singapore law on Internet censorship.
---. "EFF 'Cases Stratton Oakmont Inc. & Porush v.
Prodigy' Archive." Online. Internet. 9 December
1996. Available WWW:
www.eff.org/pub/Legal/Cases/Stratton_Oakmont_Porush_v_Prodigy.
A site with all of the information needed to
research this particular case.
Electronic Privacy Information Center. "Communications
Decency Act." Online. Internet. 2 December 1996.
Available WWW: www.epic.org/free_speech/cda.
A page against the Communications Decency Act, with
statements made by the Electronic Privacy
Information Center, a plaintiff in the ACLU v. Reno
case, and links to House and Senate versions of the
bill.
"Frequently Asked Questions About the 1995 Communications
Decency Act." Online. Internet. 7 December 1996.
Available Gopher:
gopher.panix.com/vtw/exon/index.html.
An analysis and history of the Communications
Decency Act and definitions of terminology used in
the bill.
Godwin, Mike. "Virtual Community Standards: BBS
Obscenity Case Raises New Legal Issues." Online.
Internet. 2 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.eff.org/pub/Censorship/obscen_virtcom_stds_godwin.article.
A paper on U.S. v Thomas. Provided most of the
information behind it.
Gray, Matthew. "Web Growth Summary." Online. Internet.
1 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html.
Gray provides in-depth statistics on the growth of
the World Wide Web, with comparisons to telnet,
ftp, gopher, and email.
H.R. 1978 Sec. 1. 1995.
The Internet Freedom and Family Empowerment Act, a
house bill that would have promoted technologies
that block or screen offensive material on the
Internet.
Hoffman, Mike. "Green Ribbon." e-mail to author. 17
December 1996.
Mr. Hoffman answered questions about the green
ribbon campaign and how it relates to the blue
ribbon campaign. The interview also clarified
Zondervan Publishing House's stance on free speech
online.
Hyatt, Donald. Personal Interview. 6 December 1996.
Computer Systems Lab Director at Thomas Jefferson
High School for Science and Technology, Mr. Hyatt
clearly defined the difficulties in regulating the
Internet and provided his views on what content
should appear on the Internet.
Intergo. "InterGO's KinderGuard." Online. Internet.
11 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.intergo.com/tour/kguard.htm.
This is an Internet filter commercial page
describing the software aspects and specifications
of the filter.
Markus, Kent. Letter to Senator Patrick J. Leahy. 3
May 1995. Online. Internet. 2 December 1996.
Available WWW:
www.cdt.org/policy/freespeech/doj_050395.ltr.html.
The Department of Justice's concerns on the
Communications Decency Act of 1996.
Mendels, Pamela. "ACLU Fights Georgia Internet Fraud Law."
The New York Times. Online. Internet. 9 December
1996. Available WWW:
www.nytimes.com:80/library/cyber/week/0719states-georgia.html.
A short article that pointed the way to the ACLU site
which had more comprehensive information. However,
it did provide two sides of the argument over free
speech online.
"Morality in Media Calls for Rejection of Senator Exon's
'Communications Decency Act.'" 28 March 1995.
Online. Internet. 5 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.cdt.org/policy/freespeech/mim_pr.html.
The Morality in Media's concerns over the
Communications Decency Act of 1996, with quotes from
the president of Morality in Media, Robert Peters.
Recreational Software Advisory Council. "Welcome to
RSAC." Online. Internet. 16 December 1996.
Available WWW: www.rsac.org.
This page is the official RSAC page. It describes
what the RSAC is and allows web authors to register
their pages with the RSAC.
Regan, Priscilla. Personal Interview. 9 December 1996.
An expert on privacy issues and the Internet, Dr.
Regan explained why there are different regulations
covering broadcast and print media.
Responsible Speech Campaign. "Speak Responsibly."
Online. Internet. 13 December 1996. Available
WWW: www.pageturners.com/CDA/.
This is the white ribbon campaign home page. It
gives the views of the white ribbon campaign and
clarifies the points which the Responsible
Speech Campaign believes are often misinterpreted.
Rose, Lance. Netlaw: Your Rights in the Online World.
New York: Osborne Mcgraw-Hill. 1995.
An excellent book on legal issues surrounding the
Internet. If only one book was to be used, this book
is it. It not only had information on censorship,
but it also contained information on privacy,
copyright and online property.
S. 314 Sec. 1. 1995.
Senator Exon's originial proposal for
Communications Decency Act as it was introduced to
the Senate on February 1, 1995.
S. 652 Sec. 501. 1996.
The Communications Decency Act of 1996 as it was
sent to the President.
S. 714 Sec. 501. 1995.
A bill, introduced by Senator Leahy, to repeal the
Communications Decency Act of 1996 that was
introduced by Senator Patrick Leahy.
S. 892 Sec. 1. 1995.
The Protection of Children From Computer
Pornography Act of 1995 that was introduced by
Senator Grassley, but never passed in the Senate.
Safesurf. "SafeSurf Home Page." Online. Internet. 11
December 1996. Available WWW:
www.safesurf.com.
A page describing the features and specifications
of Safesurf, an Internet filter.
Schwartz, John. "Court Upholds Free Speech on the
Internet, Blocks Decency Law." The Washington Post
13 June 1996, late ed.: A1.
An article on the overturning of the Communications
Decency Acy by a three-judge panel in Pennsylvania.
Spitzer, Art. Personal Interview. 9 December 1996.
A lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union,
Mr. Spitzer provided detailed information on the
ACLU v. Reno case and the right of schools to
regulate material on their Web servers.
Solid Oak Software. "CYBERsitter Product Information."
Online. Internet. 11 December 1996. Available
WWW: www.solidoak.com/cysitter.htm.
A page giving product information on CYBERsitter,
an Internet content filter produced by Solid Oak
Software.
Spyglass. "SurfWatch from Spyglass." Online.
Internet. 11 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.surfwatch.com/.
A page describing the features of SurfWatch, an
Internet content filter produced by Spyglass.
Telecommunications and Computer Operations Use of
Fairfax County Public School's Internet Access.
1996.
This was used to find out the Fairfax County rules
and regulations regarding the use of County owned
computers.
Voters Telecommunications Watch. "Voters
Telecommunications Watch." Online. Internet. 14
December 1996. Available WWW: www.vtw.org.
This page gives the current data on what court cases are
happening and what movements for free speech are happening online.
Wallace, Jonathan. "The Religious Right and Internet Censorship."
Online. Internet. 7 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.magnet.ch/serendipity/cda/wallace.html.
A brief history of the Communications Decency Act,
from its introduction by Senator Exon to its
signing into law by President Clinton.
Yahoo! "Black Thursday." Online. Internet. 10
December 1996. Available WWW:
mirrors.yahoo.com/eff/speech.html.
This is a Yahoo! page that describes the reason behind
the "Black Thursday" occurance. It also describes the
reason for the free speech online movement.
Zondervan Publishing House. "The Zondervan Publishing
House Green Ribbon Campaign." Online. Internet.
14 December 1996. Available WWW:
www.zondervan.com/greenzon.htm.
This page describes the aspects of the green ribbon
campaign and where it stands on free speech online.
It has links to pages that support the green ribbon
campaign.
Artwork Credits
Logos generated by kwc using WordArt 2.0 and Paint Shop Pro
"Three Flags" by Jasper Johns
Newspaper picture obtained from
washingtonpost.com
Gavel picture modified from gavel02.gif by Knut Torgersen
rib_link.gif, provscen.gif, blocker.gif by kwc
Safesurf, Kinderguard, Surfwatch, and Cyber Patrol logos used with permission
Credits for this Web site
Topics page by Ben Chen and kwc
National Legislation page by kwc
Virginia Legislation page by Chang Choi
Fairfax County Legislation page by Ben Chen
In the News page by Chang Choi
Court Cases page by Chang Choi and Ashish Koul
Blocker/Filter page by Ben Chen and kwc
Ribbon Campaigns page by Ben Chen and kwc
Guestbook and interactive survey by Chang Choi
Links page by Ben Chen, kwc, and Chang Choi
Credits page Ben Chen, kwc, and Chang Choi
Artwork and layout by kwc
Restrictions to Freedom of Speech Online
Ben Chen
(Web/e-mail)
Chang Choi
(e-mail)
kwc
(Web/e-mail)
Ashish Koul
(e-mail)
Copyright © 1997 B. Chen, et al.
All rights reserved.